Troubles Macbeth Faced :: essays research papers fc

The Troubles Macbeth Faced Immediately After the MurderIn this world a person is worthless from stress put on his shoulder. Due to the amount of stress, naturally a person cannot sleep with a mind empty of worries. Sometimes a person gets disconnected from God. The disconnection from God along with the increasing amount of stress and of lack of sleep could lead a person to depression and losing hope in life. In Macbeth, the leading character, Macbeth suffers the same symptoms with an over stressed person in real life. Moreover, these symptoms begin when Macbeth kills King Duncan. Therefore, after killing King Duncan Macbeth, the noble character, suffers from beneficial problems that lead him into losing the hope of living.People might say that the importance of religion to Macbeth gradually decreases to a point where he no longer refers to God in his thoughts or actions. For he had killed Macduffs wife and children for no logical reason. Moreover, Macbeth proves that he no longer has second thoughts about killing people when he says, "From this momentThe rattling firstlings of my heart shall beThe very firstlings of my hand." (IV, i, 145-147).This saying contradicts him, when he first killed King Duncan, when he said, "But wherefore could I pronounce Amen?I had most get of blessing, and AmenStuck in my throat." (II, ii, 35-37). However, due to the fact that Macbeth knows that he is disconnected from God, it will be impossible to be reconnected to Him. So his guilt fades away, knowing that he will cobblers last up in hell. Thus, this makes Macbeth lose hope of living at the end of the play. Although Macbeth, hesitates at the beginning to kill King Duncan. His wife, Lady Macbeth, convinces him by saying, "What beast wast whence That made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man And, to be more than what you were, you wouldBe so much more the man. Nor the time nor regularizeDid then adhere, and yet you would make both.They have made themselves, and that their fitness nowDoes unmake you."(I, vii, 47-54).                Lady Macbeth tries to encourage her husband to kill King Duncan by wondering(a) his manhood. However, after committing the murder, Macbeth suffers from stress, worry and lack of sleep. He is stressed about the fact that his wife is going insane. He is worried at some point that mortal might get suspicious about how Macbeth got to seize the throne.

Personal Narrative: How Society Shaped Me Essay -- Social Group Neighb

Personal Narrative How Society Shaped MeWhat is society and how did it help shape me into the someone I am instantly? First, society is the state of living in organized groups of people. These organized groups of people are the ones that made me who I am today and will continue to shape me, as I grow older. My version of society is white middle flesh people who grow up spill to catholic schools. These white middle class people are only associated with other white middle class people, and very seldom venture give away of this little society. As stupid as that sounds to not associate with other people it is true. The reason this is true is because of where I live, where I go to school, and who my friends are. I affect it is just like Emerson said, the virtue in most request is conformity. So, the three social forces that have played the biggest impact on my life are my community, my friends (family) and my education.I have lived in the same neighborhood my entire life, a neighborhood full of white middle class families, with the exception of one middle class African American fam...

Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Essay

Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through some(prenominal) number of western states, passing acres upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia that leave their memories in your nose for miles down pat(p) the road. Todays agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as a great deal as you heap with as few resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and bring forth forced many farmers out of the industry when they cant compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the body politic with a right to act with justice towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs wi nding in naturalized methods of agriculture, others are seeking more just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial variation and searched for styluss to lead bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in factories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, gap onto more land, and utilize synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to encourage growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are exceedingly unstable, the only way to remain competitive is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...Linking Tables to Farms. In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. working capital Island Press.Long, Cheryl. (1999) Certified original. Organic Ga rdening 46(6), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Academic Search Elite.Madden, Patrick. (1988). Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Business address Premier database.Orr, David. (2001). The Urban-Agrarian Mind. Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington Island Press.Snowe, Olympia . USDA Organic Food Standards. FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government allurement database. Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives EssayAgriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through any number of Midwestern states, passing acres upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia t hat leave their memories in your nose for miles down the road. Todays agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as much as you can with as few resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and have forced many farmers out of the industry when they cant compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the earth with a responsibility to act with justice towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs involved in conventional methods of agriculture, others are seeking more just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial Revolution and searched for ways to become bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in factories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, spreading onto more land, and using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to encourage growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are highly unstable, the only way to remain competitive is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...Linking Tables to Farms. In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. Washington Island Press.Long, Cheryl. (1999) Certified Organic. Organic Gardening 46(6), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Academic Search Elite.Madden, Patrick. (1988). Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, fr om Business Source Premier database.Orr, David. (2001). The Urban-Agrarian Mind. Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington Island Press.Snowe, Olympia . USDA Organic Food Standards. FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government Collection database.

Elizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Essay -- Franke

Elizabeth as a ordinary Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Elizabeth is an important character in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. She is also the most important person in Victors life for many another(prenominal) reasons. non only is she beautiful beyond belief, she is also submissive and meek. Elizabeth knows her role in the household and she fulfills her duties without hesitation or complaint. Always come to for Victor, she is willing to do anything to plug his happiness. Elizabeth is Victors prized possession, that which he must value and protect above tout ensemble other things. She is his faithful love. Elizabeths many qualities classify her as a typical woman of nineteenth-century Victorian England. Subservience is one of the main characteristics of Victorian English women. They were taught to be submissive and manipulative (Kanner 305). Qualities of selflessness, patience, and outbound obedience were also require in women (Prior 96). In contrast to mens masculine energy, w omen were thought to possess feminine passivity that made them incapable of actively venturing into the world with curiosity (Kanner 208). such(prenominal) false belief on the mens part, not womens feminine passivity, is what hindered the women from venturing into the world and confined them to the home. Such confinement is evident in the following womans diary all(prenominal) this time my Lord was in London where he had all and infinite great resort coming to him. He went some(prenominal) abroad to Cocking, to Bowling Alleys, to Plays and dollar bill Races. . . I stayed in the country having many times a sorrowful and heavy heart . . . so as I may truly say, I am an owl in the desert. (Prior 200) Similarly, in Frankenstein, while the young Victor Frankenstein and his friend Henry Clerv... ... Victor as his own. Elizabeth is subservient, sentimental, nurturing, sacrificial, and beautiful. She possesses all the typical feminine characteristics. Hence, by dint of the images of Elizabeth, Mary Shelley clearly and accurately depicts attitudes toward Victorian women of nineteenth-century England. Elizabeth lives, and dies, the role both Shelley and society had written for her and her real-life sisters. Works Cited Kanner, Barbara, ed. The Women of England From Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present. Hamden Archon Books, 1979. Prior, Mary, ed. Women in English Society, 1500-1900. New York Methuen, 1985. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Johanna M. Smith. capital of Massachusetts Bedford Books, 1992. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds, Criticism. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York W.W. Norton, 1975. Elizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Essay -- FrankeElizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Elizabeth is an important character in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. She is also the most important person in Victors life for many reasons. Not only is she beautiful beyond b elief, she is also submissive and meek. Elizabeth knows her role in the household and she fulfills her duties without hesitation or complaint. Always concerned for Victor, she is willing to do anything to ensure his happiness. Elizabeth is Victors prized possession, that which he must value and protect above all other things. She is his faithful love. Elizabeths many qualities classify her as a typical woman of nineteenth-century Victorian England. Subservience is one of the main characteristics of Victorian English women. They were taught to be submissive and manipulative (Kanner 305). Qualities of selflessness, patience, and outward obedience were also required in women (Prior 96). In contrast to mens masculine energy, women were thought to possess feminine passivity that made them incapable of actively venturing into the world with curiosity (Kanner 208). Such false belief on the mens part, not womens feminine passivity, is what hindered the women from venturing into the world a nd confined them to the home. Such confinement is evident in the following womans diary All this time my Lord was in London where he had all and infinite great resort coming to him. He went much abroad to Cocking, to Bowling Alleys, to Plays and Horse Races. . . I stayed in the country having many times a sorrowful and heavy heart . . . so as I may truly say, I am an owl in the desert. (Prior 200) Similarly, in Frankenstein, while the young Victor Frankenstein and his friend Henry Clerv... ... Victor as his own. Elizabeth is subservient, sentimental, nurturing, sacrificial, and beautiful. She possesses all the typical feminine characteristics. Hence, through the images of Elizabeth, Mary Shelley clearly and accurately depicts attitudes toward Victorian women of nineteenth-century England. Elizabeth lives, and dies, the role both Shelley and society had written for her and her real-life sisters. Works Cited Kanner, Barbara, ed. The Women of England From Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present. Hamden Archon Books, 1979. Prior, Mary, ed. Women in English Society, 1500-1900. New York Methuen, 1985. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Johanna M. Smith. Boston Bedford Books, 1992. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds, Criticism. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York W.W. Norton, 1975.

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph Ellison E

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph EllisonRalph Ellison is one of the most lauded yet misunderstood writers of the twentieth century. Ellison is considered a short-story writer and an essayist at heart, but his most distinguished work is the novel, Invisible Man. Ellison has been called everything from the greatest black American author (Brennan) to unnecessarily excessive in his writing style (Ralph Ellison 1914-1994). For the most part, Ellison is held in high regard in the literary community. The critical consensus on Ralph Ellison is that he is one of the most influential and passionate authors of his generation.Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on work on 1, 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Ellison (Kennedy and Gioia). From his birth, it seems Ellison was destined to become a writer his father named him after the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Early in life, Ellison was influenced by his mother who was an ardent kindly activist ( Kennedy and Gioia). Ellison was raised in a middle-class white neighborhood. After graduating from high school in Oklahoma, Ellison was awarded a scholarship to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Ellison go forth school early and moved to Harlem (Ralph Ellison 1914-1994). It was here that he met two of his greatest early influences the poet Langston Hughes and the novelist Richard Wright (Kennedy and Gioia). In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Ellison was primarily an essayist who was print in several American periodicals. It was in these early years that he wrote King of the Bingo Game and the Buster and Riley trilogy. In 1952, Ellisons Invisible Man was create in what became his most notable work. Invisible Man won Ellison nume... ...riticism. Galen Group. 16 Apr. 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Kennedy, X.J. and Dana Gioia. Ralph Ellison Biography. Literature Online 24 Apr. 2001http//longman.awl.com/kennedy/ellison/biography.htm.Langman, F. H. Reconsidering Invisible Man. Contemporary literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Mitgang, Herbert. Invisible Man, As Vivid Today as in 1952. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 Apr. 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Ralph Ellison 1914-1994. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Schor, Edith. Ralph, Ellison, Journeyman Three Early Stories. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph Ellison E

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph EllisonRalph Ellison is one of the virtually lauded yet misunderstood writers of the twentieth century. Ellison is considered a short-story writer and an essayist at heart, but his most distinguished work is the novel, Invisible Man. Ellison has been called everything from the greatest black American author (Brennan) to unnecessarily excessive in his writing style (Ralph Ellison 1914-1994). For the most part, Ellison is held in high regard in the literary community. The critical consensus on Ralph Ellison is that he is one of the most influential and passionate authors of his generation.Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on contact 1, 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Ellison (Kennedy and Gioia). From his birth, it seems Ellison was destined to become a writer his father named him after the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Early in life, Ellison was influenced by his mother who was an ardent societal ac tivist (Kennedy and Gioia). Ellison was raised in a middle-class white neighborhood. After graduating from high school in Oklahoma, Ellison was awarded a scholarship to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Ellison odd school early and moved to Harlem (Ralph Ellison 1914-1994). It was here that he met two of his greatest early influences the poet Langston Hughes and the novelist Richard Wright (Kennedy and Gioia). In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Ellison was primarily an essayist who was promulgated in several American periodicals. It was in these early years that he wrote King of the Bingo Game and the Buster and Riley trilogy. In 1952, Ellisons Invisible Man was published in what became his most notable work. Invisible Man won Ellison nume... ...riticism. Galen Group. 16 Apr. 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Kennedy, X.J. and Dana Gioia. Ralph Ellison Biography. Literature Online 24 Apr. 2001http//longman.awl.com/kennedy/ellison/biography.htm.Langman, F. H. Reconsidering Invisible Man. Contemporary literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Mitgang, Herbert. Invisible Man, As Vivid Today as in 1952. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 Apr. 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Ralph Ellison 1914-1994. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.Schor, Edith. Ralph, Ellison, Journeyman Three Early Stories. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001http//www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.

Do Animals Have Language Essay

Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a merged and conventional way(1)Language is humanitys way of communicating with each another(prenominal), there are over 6,500 different languages spoken around the world. each language is communicated by two or more people. Every person can have a combination of languages. It all depends on what that person chooses to do. few individuals believe that there is no communication without language. But many like myself, beg to differ. As I believe there are numerous ship canal to communicate, whether it is by speech, symbols or bottom. A few might argue that speech and sound are the same thing, to me they are completely different. Yes we need to make sounds that symbolize the letter that make up the word, but in some languages the sounds are the words. For example the Xhosa language spoken by approximately 7.9 million people of the siemens African population, it is a tonal la nguage.I believe that animals communicate using the same technique. I see that certain animals have a specific sound for their specie. For example a dogs bark, a cats meow, and the whales songs. They are all a series of sounds, to each other they are understood. Upon being put in the right sequence they convey the message to the other members of that specie. It is a language they use, that we cannot comprehend.The languages present here in earth are very detailed and elaborate, because humans have a very complex life, they need a lot of words to make sense of it. Animals make love very simple lives, needing to communicate when in danger, or directing others. That is why their languages are probably much more simpler than ours. Other animals communicate through dance, and movements. I consider this a language of its own, as these dances create symbols, and symbols are a language. This is still considered using language as a method of communication.So yes, I do believe animals have a language, through sounds. Although those language are most likely very simple, they are their way of communicating with each other.(1)http//www.google.com.sa/ assay?hl=en&safe=active&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=596&q=language&tbs=dfn1&tbo=u&ei=TbpMUMmDL4fvsgbWsYC4BA&ved=0CB0QkQ4

Working At Community Pharmacies Pakistan Health And Social Care Essay

Pharmacies are man aged by a mixed bag of dispensers in footings of reservation, lore and reside. The survey aimed to measure knowledge, experience and reservation of dispensers operative at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan.MethodsA comparative cross sectional survey was conducted at a indiscriminately selected sample of 371 pharmaceuticss in the tether metropoliss of Pakistan. A questionnaire for informations aggregation was developed and finalized by focussed group treatments and pilot testing. The information was coded, entered and analyzed by utilizing SPSS Version 16.ConsequencesFifty per centum of the respondents had right cognition of room temperature. save 11.11 % and 5.9 % of the respondents knew about OTC and pommy. While 87.6 % , 88.1 % , 58.7 and 95.7 % did non cognize the moment of h.s, q.d, SOS and p.r.n. The respondents did non cognize right the spot of deltacortil, septran and fansidar in 26.7 % , 64.2 % , and 44.5 % of the instances on an private basis. While 50.4 % , 77.4 % and 63.6 % were incognizant about the position of Augmentin, metronidazole and Lomotil.DecisionsThe overall cognition and preparation of dispensers work at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan is unequal. Presence of qualified individualist equipped with sufficient cognition and preparation is required.Key wordsCommunity pharmaceutics, cognition, experience, making, dispensers, PakistanImportant DefinitionsPharmacy A pharmaceutics is all mercantile establishments change allopathic medical specialties enti swear, or homeopathic or herbal medical specialties if sold aboard allopathic medical specialties.Dispensers A dispenser is any individual who prepares or gives out medical specialty, irrespective of preparation.Qualified individual Persons finishing B.Pharm/Pharm.D, sheepskin in pharmaceutics and certified class of do do drugss dispensing or compounders was considered as qualified individuals.BackgroundKnowledge and preparation of wellness profe ssed(prenominal)s is critical for supplying appropriate wellness attention. Proper making and preparation of dispensers can help in accomplishing safe usage of medicines for the patients go toing community pharmaceuticss. Identifying the spread in pattern and preparation dispensers at community pharmaceuticss can supply improved, simple, healing attention function to profit the community 1 . It is indispensable that the forces managing medical specialties must be equipped with proper making, experience and cognition. They must be cognizant of the factors which influence drug quality and stairss to guarantee that the drugs dispensed to patients are safe and effectual 2 .Community pharmaceuticss in developing states frequently lack qualified and instruct forces to beehive away, label and manage drugs in appropriate manner 3 . It has been reported that in most of the instances dispensers lack formal knowledge and preparation and those who are trained are largely non in stock( predicate) at these pharmaceuticss 4-7 . While exchange medical specialties it is of import to understand that which medical specialty can be sold with or without prescription drug. However surveies fork up reported sale of all types of medical specialties to all patients irrespective of any moral and legal considerations 5, 8 .The community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan are known to be managed by a diverseness of dispensers in footings of their making, cognition, experience and ages. Inadequate cognition of the dispensers at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan has been reported 9, 10 . The making of dispensers vary from qualified druggist, pharmaceutics helpers, pharmaceutics technicians, sheepskin holders in pharmaceutics, to medical physicians, nurses and to the individuals holding no dispensing related instruction and bulk constitute this group 1, 3, 9-11 . These dispensers have minimum formal instruction with 10 to 12 old ages of schooling and with small or no professi onal preparation 3, 9-11 . Even this nominal instruction of primary or secondary degree is seen as a commercial necessity and non as a legal demand to be followed. They largely rely on information gathered by the re collapseatives of pharmaceutical companies therefore selling medical specialties under the influence of publicity of drugs by the pharmaceutical companies 10 . With this commonwealth of making and preparation, here these dispensers are responsible for maps of a dispenser, shop keeper, stock list director, comptroller, prescriber, information supplier and patient counsellor 12 . Sing the go astray of their services it seems that they are really specialised professionals holding ample cognition. In existent universe, nevertheless, there is no existent established standard for marginal cognition of dispensers and really small is known about their background experience, perceptual experiences, instruction, preparation and cognition on how they handle the proficient undertakings of drugs depot, quality care, and pull offing assortment of patients with or without prescriptions 10, 12-14 .This insufficiency of scientific cognition among dispensers contributes to the prevailing low quality services at community pharmaceuticss. This will stay as the chief overleap at community pharmaceuticss unless the spreads in the cognition of dispensers are place and corrected. The importance of making, experience, preparation and cognition of dispensers functional at community pharmaceuticss is non much emphasized in the state. The present survey was conducted to document and compare the province of cognition, experience and making of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in terce major countries of Pakistan videlicet dandy of Pakistan ( national capital ) , Peshawar ( capital of Khyberpakhtoonkhwa state ) and Lahore ( capital of Punjab state ) .MethodologyKeeping in position the federal administrative and regulative construction of the state the capital metropolis Islamabad was selected which is besides geographically in the center of the two states. Peshawar is located towards the North of Islamabad ( 184 Km off with 2 hours drive from federal capital ) while Lahore is located in the South ( 384 km off with 4.5 hours drive from federal capital ) . The survey was conducted at 371 indiscriminately selected pharmaceuticss in three metropoliss viz. Islamabad ( 118 ) , Peshawar ( 120 ) and Lahore ( 133 ) . The survey population included all community pharmacy mercantile establishments in Islamabad, Lahore and Peshawar metropoliss selling allopathic medical specialties. Pharmacies located in infirmary and private dispensaries were excluded and any mercantile establishment meeting this definition comprised the trying unit, dispenser being the sampling component. List of medical shops were obtained from several District health Offices. The most experient dispenser was selected from the pharmaceutics for interview.The Data ag gregation tool was developed by focussed group treatments and utilizing the elevates of Drug Act of Pakistan 1976 and relevant regulations under, Good Pharmacy coif guidelines, International Pharmaceutical Federation ( FIP ) guidelines and review book of pharmaceuticss. Focus group treatments were carried out with community druggist, drug inspectors, academe and members of con centerer groups for development and finalisation of informations aggregation tool. face and content cogency was built through panel of pharmaceutics research experts, community druggists, statistician and pilot testing.Structured questionnaire was used to acquire information on the cognition of the dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss. The value of cronbachaaa?s alpha was 0.726 which was applied to measure the dependability and internal consistence of the tool. The questionnaire comprised of a sum of 30 three inquiries which included information on demographics, personal information, position in p harmaceutics, degree of instruction, experience, preparation, beginnings of information, storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures, position of drugs, positions and parentages about profession and suggestions for emendment. The minimal demand for cognition of dispensers was elaborated and transformed into mensurable indexs, which included three subscales subscale I Knowledge about storage temperature ( 3-6 ) , subscale II Knowledge about prescription nomenclatures ( 7-14 ) and subscale III Knowledge about position of drugs ( 12-24 ) . The composite mark for all sub graduated tables was 22-44 and lower mark referred to better conformity.Data was collected by trained informations aggregators after seeking permission from relevant drug inspectors. Local chapters of chemist and pharmacist association were contacted and informed sing the survey. The survey was besides O.K. by the panel of experts at Research & A Development wing of Drug Control Organization at Ministry of heal th, Government of Pakistan. Informed and verbal coincide for engagement was taken from the respondents. Respondents were ensured for the confidentiality of information verbally every bit good as confidentiality under taking signed by the chief research thespian was shown.After the information aggregation, information was cleaned, coded and entered in SPSS 16 version. Statistical analytic thinking was undertaken to compare the cognition of dispensers sing storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures and position of drugs among independent variables alike urban/ agrarian, location of pharmaceuticss, metropoliss, position of dispenser in pharmaceutics, experience, degree of instruction and preparation.ConsequencesA sum of 371 dispensers were interviewed of which 31.8 % were working in Islamabad, 32.3 % in Peshawar and 35.8 % were in Lahore. All of the dispensers were male with average age 35 old ages, changing from 17 to 75 old ages. The position of dispenser in pharmaceutics wa s diverse 55 % proprietors, 35.3 % employees, 2.7 % partner, and 1.6 % were licensee. The professional making of dispensers varied 4 % were pharmacist, 7 % were pharmaceutics helper, 6 % were dispenser sheepskin holders and 80.3 % were non-qualified. The experience was 4 % less than a twelvemonth, 9.7 % between 1-2 old ages, 12.9 % between 2-5 old ages and staying 73.3 % had an experience greater than 5 old ages. Merely 14 % of the dispensers had formal preparation in drug dispensing.Fifty per centum of the respondents had right cognition of room temperature. Refrigerators were available with 76.5 % of the pharmaceuticss while 50.7 % of them were besides selling vaccinums. However 66 % did non cognize which medical specialties to be kept in the icebox and cognition of icebox and vaccinum storage temperature. Merely 11.11 % and 5.9 % of the respondents knew about the significance of OTC and POM severally. However 87.6 % , 88.1 % , 58.7 and 95.7 % did non cognize the significance of h.s, q.d, SOS and p.r.n. The respondents were non cognizant of the position of deltacortil, septran, fansidar, Augmentin, metronidazole and Lomotil as prescription merely medical specialty in 26.7 % , 64.2 % , 44.5 % , 50.4 % , 77.4 % and 63.6 % of the instances severally ( Table I ) .Books were the most often used informations beginning for information by dispensers. In 46.6 % instances dispensers were confer withing Pharmaguide to acquire the desired information followed by British National Formulary 0.3 % , Drug guide 0.3 % and British Pharmacoepia in 0.3 % of the instances.In add-on to knowledge appraisal of dispensers, survey besides included some inquiries to determine general views/opinions of dispensers to acquire some penetration into the grounds of prevalent patterns. Seventy two per centum of dispensers claimed to hold some cognition of ordinance while 17.3 % claimed that they are non practised. twenty dollar bill seven per centum of dispensers were of the position that ordinance for pharmaceuticss is rough while 46 % believe that they are acceptable. The sale of prescription merely medicines without prescription was considered as a job by 80 % of the dispensers.Over 90 % of dispensers thought that selling medical specialty is a good occupation and 73.6 % would besides urge this to their households while 80 % were satisfied with their on-line(prenominal) occupation as dispensers. Bing an honorable and respectable occupation ( 53.6 % ) with ample net incomes ( 26.4 % ) and an chance to be updated with current cognition ( 9.1 % ) were the grounds for come down ining this profession. Dispensers were of the position that they are capable of run intoing the demands of the profession to the full ( 73.6 % ) , to some extent ( 21.8 % ) while 4.6 % believed that they are non run intoing the demands at all. Some of the jobs faced by the dispensers in the profession were patient demand of medical specialties without prescription ( 11.4 % ) , return of expi red drugs to the pharmaceutical companies ( 11.4 % ) , clip devouring profession due to long on the job hours ( 10 % ) , ordinance ( 7.9 % ) , and handiness of many trade names in market ( 7.6 % ) , less net income border ( 4.7 % ) , drug supply issues ( 3.8 % ) and unreadable prescriptions ( 1.6 % ) .Over 90 % of dispensers believed that distributing in their pharmaceutics was appropriate. The grounds claimed were no ailments from patients ( 12.1 % ) , ample experience ( 7.1 % ) , following ordinances ( 26.6 % ) , holding intensifying services ( 0.5 % ) , transporting out patient pleader ( 11.5 % ) , selling full scope of medical specialties in good vicinity ( 5.8 % ) and presence of qualified individual ( 3 % ) . But still over 80 % of dispensers felt that they are far behind when compared to international criterions of distributing patterns. The dispensers notify that they can lend to the profession through following ordinances ( 25.3 % ) , by advancing generics ( 3.8 % ) , by take downing the monetary values ( 4 % ) , bettering drug handiness ( 1.6 % ) , by undertaking with unethical selling ( 5.7 % ) and this could be achieved by bettering the regulators placement ( 4.3 % ) . Ninety per centum dispensers identified the demand for developing with 85 % with the consent of go toing if chance provided.The median obtained for the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss was 33 ( 31-37 ) which when compared with mention graduated table ( 22-44 ) showed unequal cognition. While the average obtained in single metropoliss was 32 ( 29-35 ) in Islamabad, 34 ( 32-36 ) in Peshawar and 35 ( 31-38 ) in Lahore. The cognition of dispensers working in community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad was relatively better than in Peshawar and Lahore.Kruskal-Wallis trial was used to compare the cognition of dispensers holding different degree of instruction, working experience in three different metropoliss sing storage temperature, prescr iption nomenclatures and position of drugs. A important difference in the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss was observed. Knowledge of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad was relatively better than dispensers working in Peshawar and Lahore ( Table II ) . The dispensers holding experience less than one twelvemonth had better cognition in Lahore ( Table III ) . Pharmacists were holding better cognition sing storage temperature, prescription nomenclatures and position of drugs as compared to pharmaceutics helpers, sheepskin holders and salesmen ( Table IV ) .Mann Whitney and kruskal-wallis trial were used to compare impact of preparation, position in pharmaceutics and rural/urban scene on the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the three metropoliss. No important difference was observed among the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss with different position ( lice nce, proprietor, partner and employee ) , rural/urban scene and preparation in the three metropoliss.DiscussionMain findings of the surveyThe overall making, cognition and preparation of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan is unequal. The presence of lawfully qualified individual is negligible at the pharmaceuticss and in most of the instances proprietors are replacing the qualified individual 8-10, 15, 16 . They besides lack any formal dispensing related instruction and preparation 17 . The present survey highlighted that merely few dispensers receive any formal preparation in the past old ages but this preparation could non interpret into their better cognition 9 .This raises inquiries on the quality of developing received by dispensers in the state. Drug information beginnings used by dispensers extremely influence the quality of their cognition. Most of the dispensers were utilizing Pharma Guide a commercially available collection of medical special ties 18, 19 . The survey consequences besides highlighted pharmaceutical companies as drug information supplier through medical representatives and drug literature 5, 10, 20 . The consequences of the survey showed that dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in Islamabad had better cognition as comparison to other two metropoliss. Pharmacists were holding relatively better cognition though their presence at community pharmaceuticss was low. The dispensers holding experience of less than one twelvemonth were holding better cognition in Lahore. This efficacy be linked to more figure of druggist and fresh alumnuss with updated cognition working at community pharmaceuticss in Lahore. The survey highlighted lacks in basic cognition of dispensers sing prescription nomenclatures. The consequences of the survey showed that most of the dispensers were cognizant of the position of Xanax ( lexotanil ) as POM but surprisingly Mentronidazole ( Flagyl ) , Cotrimoxazole ( Septran ) and Coamixiclave ( Augmentin ) which are POM were considered as OTC by dispensers. This lacking cognition can be linked with deficiency of making and preparation. mass of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss claimed that selling POM medical specialties without prescription is a job. Dispensers believed that they are far behind in their patterns as compared to international criterions though they are carry throughing the local professional demands. With this hapless province of cognition bulk of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss believed that they are capable of run intoing the demands of their profession. It is interesting to detect that dispensers believe that by holding no ailments, ample experience, following ordinances and maintaining full scope of medical specialties they are carry throughing the demand of the profession. This highlights confusion and deficiency of consciousness sing professional duties among dispensers. Majority of them expressed willingne ss to larn and take part if any chance of preparation is provided. Even though dispensers donaaa?t possess proper tools to map, in footings of making and cognition but still they are satisfied with their occupation and would besides urge this to others as they feel it as a profitable white taking into custody concern with no important jobs. This fact can besides be linked with the current on traveling unbridled scenario in the state in which they can acquire off practising as professionals with no making, unequal cognition and appropriate experience, with least demand from regulators and society 21 .What is already known on this subjectInadequate cognition of the dispensers at community pharmaceuticss in Pakistan has been reported 9, 10 . The importance of making, experience, preparation and cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss is non much emphasized in the state. Very small is known about the background, experience, instruction, preparation and cognitio n on how they handle the proficient undertakings of drugs storage, quality care, and pull offing assortment of patients with or without prescriptions. The present survey has documented the impact of making, preparation and experience on cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in the state. The survey has besides highlighted jobs faced in this profession and suggestions for bettering the current patterns which has non been antecedently highlighted by any other survey.What this survey addsThis survey aimed to place and compare the bing spreads in the cognition, making and preparation of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in three major metropoliss of Pakistan. The present survey is important and contributes in this facet as it has assessed and compared the cognition of dispensers holding different makings, working experience, position in pharmaceutics, urban/rural scene and preparation received working in different metropoliss. The survey besides highli ghted assorted jobs in the profession and suggestions for the bettering the current state of affairs. This survey will function as a baseline to plan future intercessions to better the cognition of dispensers sing drug usage in order to use maximal potencies of community pharmaceuticss in proviso of better patient oriented services.Restriction of the surveySome of the restrictions faced during the survey were fiscal and logistic restraints and political fit in the state. Reluctance from dispensers to portion information, existent replies may be different due to the sensitiveness of the inquiries. The cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss was assessed in three major metropoliss and may non be generalizable to the cognition of dispensers working at community pharmaceuticss in other metropoliss of the state.In decision, deficiency of proper making, preparation and cognition of dispensers is a great challenge for accomplishing effectual wellness of general public go toing community pharmaceuticss. Ambiguity in jurisprudence and its execution and complacency in attitude of relevant interest holders are responsible for such prevalent fortunes. There is a strong demand to implement ordinances to guarantee presence of qualified individual equipped with sufficient cognition and preparation at pharmaceuticss with uninterrupted monitoring plans.Authoraaa?s partsA.H. had complete entree to informations of the survey and is responsible for the truth and analysis of informations. A.H. and M.I.M.I. conceptualized and designed the survey. A.H. and M.I.M.I. obtain, analyzed and interpreted the information. Manuscript was drafted by A.H and A.H and M.I.M.I. conducted reappraisal of literature.RecognitionsThe writers would wish to widen their grasp to Ministry of Health Pakistan, Government of Pakistan. The writers besides thank the District Health Offices of Islamabad, Peshawar and Lahore for their live during the survey. Particular gratitude to the surv ey participants and informations aggregators and their caputs of pharmaceutics sections at Hamdard University, Islamabad, Peshawar University, Peshawar and Punjab University, Lahore.FundingThe writers would wish to widen their grasp to the Ministry of Health R & A D fund Pakistan for partial support of this survey.

Oklahoma Bombing Speech Analysis

One of the top 100 speeches of all time was said by Bill Clinton, when he was addressing the memorial of the Oklahoma Bombing. This was said In 1995 when tragedy struck the lives of hundreds. Innocent women, men, and children were murdered for no apparent reason, and people needed somebody to turn to. This person was Bill Clinton, he responded In ways of composure and emotion that just added to his already powerful speech he addressed the Issues the cleanse way. He was given the almost Impossible task to piece the nation back together after this ragged.HIS goal was to mourn with the earshot, but not to stay on It, he wanted to try and help them to move on. HIS make use of of pathos, logos, and ethos added to the effectiveness of the speech. He began his speech by addressing the ones that were most effected, and then by addressing the time out of the world. He establishes himself and his credibility by not only being the president, but also being a father, a husband, a person. W hen he says Hillary and I also be intimate as parents, as husband and wife, as people who were your neighbors for some of the best years of our lives.This builds his pathos and ethos and allows the audience to connect with him on a more than(prenominal) personal, deeper level, knowing that he is just like the rest of them, that they share a common ground. This allows Clinton to talk to them, not above them. Immediately after this he uses the emotions of the audience to his advantage, by dint of the use of pathos. He grieves and mourns with the audience this is shown when he says You have lost too much, but you have not lost everything, everything being America. Clinton uses a reference book from a widowed mother that only helped the rhetorical sense of the speech.He quotes her by saying, The anger you feel is valid, but you must not allow yourselves to be consumed by it. The hurt you feel must not be allowed to turn into hate, but instead into the search for Justice. These wor ds are powerful as is, but the feature that they were spoken by someone who has experienced what they are going through cause the words to mean so much more. They listen to her words more the Clinton in my opinion, because she has been In their shoes. Another use of quotations Is when he quotes Mr Keating If anybody thinks that Americans are mostly mean and selfish, they ought to come to Oklahoma.If anybody thinks Americans have lost the capacity for love and caring and courage, they ought to come to Oklahoma. This helps the audience feel closer to the situation, they may grieve together, but they will also fight together, for Justice. He also fortifies his speech by the use of analogue structure and repetition In order to add to the aspect of persuasion. His use of repetition is seen when he says We mourn.. We share We thank.. We pledge. The use of we signifies that Clinton, as the president and as a friend will mourn with them. It means that in these times ore than ever we must come together as a nation.He uses repetition and parallel inspirational kind of tone to it, because of this the audience feels the need to stand up to evil and hatred, because good trumps evil any day. Another time we see this is through the Who worked sequence. This plays to the emotion of the audience and puts what has occurred into a reality. Lastly when he talks about planting the tree in honor of the children, this makes the audience believe and understand that he does care. Bill Clinton brought the nation together, and helped them move on when it was thought impossible.

Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System

Mer fecestilism is the chief stinting governance, which is used within the sixteenth to 18th centuries. Its chief end is to increase the wealth of the state through enforcing governmental ordinance refering all of the commercial involvements in the state. It was argued that national strength open fire be maximized through restricting the sum of imports via duties and raising the sum of wilinesss. It discusses that the economic strength of every state is related chiefly to the fix of positive shift quietus. It aims at the belief of doing every state usage export techniques more than import techniques as a flair to stay in an economic and governmental feasible place. So, positive raft balance upon the mer pottyti controversy vista concludes in a manner of utilizing gold in the pattern of state s exchequer ( intent Blaug ) .The Scots economic expert Adam Smith ( 1723-1790 ) was the adult male who was responsible for the term mercenary establishment. So, mercantile system was in a strange side of Smith s thoughts of forgive cause, large-minded quite a little, and the free move of people and goods. One of the chief averments of mercantile system is the national wealth that will look through the accretion and import of gold or any other care for metals, handle Ag ( Paul Johnson ) .Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do strange competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the will powerfulness of cherished metals as Ag and gold, still this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be numb(p) when all states wanted to do exports with off imports. by and by aA truly short nip off, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad request of free mint. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of laissez fa ire economic sciences in the ni interneteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) .Mercantilism, organism a historical period, had been associated with the profit of a peculiar construction of capitalist economy in Europe which referred to it to be merchant capitalist economy. It was a philosophy authentic by different economic authors in this period that call for the powerful confederation among the monarchial system and merchandisers. Presents, the mercantile system term is used to see the protectionist trade policies when combined with other governmental policies, straight or indirectly in peculiar industries to stick out the regional or national trade advantage. Mercantilism has associated with the nationalistic economic policies shunned by free trade and advocators that argue for minimal province intervention in the international and domestic market place ( Henry William spiegel iron ) .The mercantile system stated different policies of chauvinistic trade thought to get the wealt h of the state. It can be achieved via five sancti wizd elements of mercantile system, as indicated by David L. Sills The first 1 is nationalism and polity start together with all possible policy directed towards the patriotism. The 2nd component is foreign trade that should ever be thought of in visible radiation of its effects on the province s stock of having cherished metals. The 3rd one is miss domestic mines of gold or Ag the cherished metals should be collected by excess the exports over the imports. The forth component is governmental trade governments that should endeavor to restrict imports and give encouragement to exports. The last component is the economic and political foreign policy that should be coordinated in order for the accomplishment of these ends ( assure Blaug ) .While most of them closely associated with eighteenth century in Europe, the mercantile system term has been used in order to mention to the aggrandisement s oecumenical rule of province author ization for the economic benefit of the capitalist category through commanding and pull stringsing trade. For illustration, during the colonial times it took the form of legions control on trade paths and big duties imposed on imported goods in cosmopolitan and manufactured merchandises in peculiar ( Lars Magnusson ) .The mercantilist patterns principle, upon the jussive moods of colonial conquering and imperium, had been reflected in the 18th century constructs of the net income s beginning and the exchange nature. While being the end of for-profit entity, the mercantilists managed to use this perspective to the whole state. This is in contrary to the impression of the political orientation of market place done by classical economic experts. This exchange should be done on the facet of equivalents. Furthermore, mercantilists believed that the marketer can derive via the loss of the purchaser. Therefore, the state will go richer when it sells or exports more than it buys or impo rts. Gold or any other silver beginnings will be amassed to profit the province. The sentiment related to the excess or net income happened in the unequal exchange in trade goods was absolutely cope with the mercantilist policy in commanding the trade footings ( Paul Johnson ) .Mercantilism had played an of import function but non a dominant function in the passage period from feudal system to the industrial capitalist economy. However, mercantile system did profit greatly big merchandiser companies to transport place goods through trade paths maintained and protect by the state. Foreign trade was the necessary idea to be done for gold accretion because the domestic trade can non bring forth a net net income or excess. Fighting by this agency of the net incomes beginning, merchandisers used exports as a necessary agencies of geting excess net incomes. The merchandisers, such as all better policy shapers, argued that utilizing this policy would profit in bend the whole province H enry William Spiegel ) .These policies in order to accomplish these ends touch on province subsidies of the export industries, senior high school duty was used to promote place labor in the prohibition on the gilded sale to aliens, the subsidisation of basic industries when necessary, the control over certain sorts of capital, and the relentless gold import and the born(p) stuffs from different laidtlements. The most of these policies contained rigorous control in trade paths and the monetary set stabilisation in province currency ( Steele G. R. ) .Throughout the mercantilist period, the merchandisers had controlled the trading system, but non the production of services and goods. Before the start of industrial capitalist economy, the production was on the line of trades system that embodied leftovers of the really old feudal agreement. In add-on, the industrial capitalist economy emerged the merchandiser s power. They would come to see them taking over or being involved in the production means that would heighten their net incomes through giving them the control over the agitate productiveness. However, the merchandisers can non command the production means, as the primary concern lies on merchandising and purchasing. The policies of mercantilists encouraged the imports of natural stuffs that in bend can be manufactured to do different merchandises. The finished goods can be sold and exported later in high monetary value in comparing with the original cost. So, it found its manner to the exchequer of the state ( Mark Blaug ) .The foundation of the mercantile system started with the beginnings of the capitalist economy in sixteenth and 17th century in Europe. At this twinge France, Spain, and some of the Low Countries as Holland and Belgium were transformed into economic systems in merchant-dominated. So, the modern provinces were emerging of being as a political complement in the merchandiser economic system. This system indicated that it was regul ated by the competitory labour market. It led to the formation of a new category of people that found them being free from feudal system to the land to be nevertheless forced to sell the labour to guarantee subsistence. The emerging was besides a category of fabrication and industrial enterprisers recruited from the worsening merchandiser category ( Lars Magnusson ) .The merchandiser category paved the manner of losing control over the new economic system to the forces of the capitalist competition when net incomes and monetary value were regulated through the accretion and production of capital. When trading was indispensable for the emerging of industrial capitalist system, the minutess were viewed as a sharing out in the sum of selling monetary value among the buyers and purchasers, including the merchandiser. The construct of mercantile thought, which trade led to the net incomes in the whole system, paved the manner to the sentiment of the classical economic expert that the pr oduction and reinvestment of net income was the existent beginning of the wealth of states ( Paul Johnson ) .When the general perceptual experience of the term of mercantile system being one of a really long epoch in the history of economic idea, the mercantilist writers were concern and professional people that wrote and made known of their ideas in a long clip before economic sciences came to be a separate academic subject. Many representative of the mercantilist Hagiographas were English and Gallic authors of the seventeenth century. These realistic minds sought the protection, order, and stableness necessity for the enlargement of their activities. This in bend will profit the province. In exchange for the military protection of the trading paths, they succeeded in geting the monopolistic subsidisation from Crown when the state extends its stuff agencies for the colonisation. Wealth found to both the merchandiser elite and the province in scoreifier of gold and different natur al stuffs to add its value, and so exported in signifier of the finished goods. Mercantilists saw production to be really of import because it merely led to the excess of exports ( Mark Blaug ) .When the merchandiser category had been far from cohesive, the dissensions rough policy in the merchandiser category were different to the purposes of a common end of spread outing the extent of trade excess. The mercantilists encouraged exports, except the machinery, works and equipment, which might assist foreign rivals. They discouraged imports, except in natural stuffs and cherished metals. The settlements, including the Americas, had served as a primary export market and the revenue enhancement gross beginning, military bases, and a beginning of Ag, gold, and natural stuffs. The strong naval forces and the military war machine were critical to the precaution and execution of these policies ( Lars Magnusson ) .As production became more of import, the capitalists realized that in comman ding production, this would be possible to diminish costs, increase productiveness, and undercut the rivals by take pour down monetary determine. The line of thought led economic experts like Adam Smith to oppose the thought that gold constituted wealth. In the powerful analyze of mercantilists, Adam Smith had pointed out that money reflected the wealth produced while showing the value of goods and services that offered in the market place. Furthermore, struggles among merchandisers in trade monopolies and monetary values made struggle to all the hurt concerned. Many unfavorable judgments of mercantile system had culminated in a annihilating review that is known as the neology flow mechanism. The Scots philosopher and political economic expert called David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) had pointed out that the really success of a state s mercantilist policies will put in gesture forces, which would be given to change by reversal trade excess, through the normal operation in markets. Leting in the money free flow, at this clip particularly gold, it was discussed that would be given to ensue in balance of trade equilibrium ( Lars Magnusson ) .While the specie-flow mechanism of Hume is the most known review of the mercantilist idea, his resistance to mercantilist thought started every bit primal as the late seventeenth century. The chief thought was that the success of mercantilist policies will trip unintended effects. So, the positive trade balance refers to money positive cyberspace flow, because a batch of money is coming in instead than traveling out. This state of affairs would germinate where excessively more sums of money is trailing few goods, where the system is runing in full capacity, money is non hoarded but kept in circulation. The lone logical consequence is to raise monetary values. As opposed to the states mercantilist excess, money is fluxing out that consequence in the autumn of monetary values. The shortage states will go more competitory in clip. sell will switch their thought ensuing in trade equilibrium. That philosophy will subsequently go known as the measure theory of money ( Mark Blaug ) .In visible radiation of historical influence, mercantilist policy expanded the lessening of the feudal economic system and the system of guild trades of production. The province policy and merchandiser system complemented each other. The chief aim was to bespeak growing of foreign trade while promoting the influx of the cherished metals and the natural stuffs to which the value could be added for exports. So, mercantile system served to rapid the passage of Europe from the land-based economic system to the pecuniary economic system. Though pure mercantile system is considered a dead economic issue, but traces of it remain ( Henry William Spiegel ) .Mercantilism, in the seventeenth and 18th centuries, many European states believed that the universe wealth was finite and limited. Whatever one of the states gained, the another one doome d. In order to guarantee their ain portion, those states issued an economic policy naming it mercantile system. Because England had followed mercantile system, this policy affected deeply the American settlements in the old ages that precede independency. The basis of mercantile system is that the state supply of Ag and gold reflected its wealth and its economic strength. In add-on, the gold enabled states to get military weaponries. The Countries worked in many ways to raise their Ag and gold shops, but the foreign trade became the basic avenue. When exporting more goods than imported, the mercantile states could lease the difference in gold which is the chief international currency of those times ( Lars Magnusson ) .The trading states such as England saw their settlements to be utile participants in the mercantile game. It looked to its settlements for acquiring natural stuffs that could be obtained at low cost. So, settlements became markets for the English exports. By mercantil e system, England had forged the early failings and strengths of the immature American economic system. Get belt down from the first of the Navigation Acts in 1660, the Torahs passed during the 17th and 18th centuries tightened England control of the American trade and economic system. For illustration, when necessitating the settlements to merchandise through the British Empire, England had limited any trade competition might be presented by its settlements. The Torahs against fabrication besides forced the settlements to import manufactured goods from the female parent state. The merchandises manufactured were routed within England, and transportation was merely limited to English or colonial bearers ( Steele, G. R. ) .Mercantilism is economic patriotism for the intent of constructing a wealthy and powerful province. Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. After aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of laissez faire economic sciences in theA nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) .The most of import economic principle for mercantile system in the sixteenth century was the consolidation of the centres of regional power of the feudal epoch through big competitory nation-states. other(a) lending factors were in the constitution of settlements out of Europe, the growing of commercialism and industry in Europe relative to agriculture, and the addition in the comprehensiveness and volume of trade, and the addition in util izing metallic pecuniary systems, peculiarly Ag and gold, comparative to barter minutess. Within the mercantilist period, the military struggle among provinces was both more extended and more rat than at any clip in history. The naval forcess and ground forcess of the chief supporters were non impermanent forces raised to stipulate a specific menace or nonsubjective, but they were professional forces. The primary economic aim of the authorities was to command sufficient measure of the difficult currency to back up the armed forces that would discourage onslaughts by other states and assist its ain territorial enlargement.The policies took so many signifiers. Governments may supply capital to new industries, exempt new industries from club regulations and revenue enhancements, set up monopolies over local and colonial markets, and grant rubrics and pensions to successful manufacturers. In trade policy the authorities assisted local industry by enforcing duties, quotas, and prohibiti ons on imports of goods that competed with local makers. Governments besides prohibited the export of tools and capital equipment and the out-migration of skilled labour that would let foreign states, and even the settlements of the place state, to vie in the production of manufactured goods. At the same clip, diplomats encouraged foreign makers to travel to the diplomats ain states ( Lars Magnusson ) .Transportation was peculiarly of import during the mercantile period. With the growing of settlements and the cargo of gold from the in the buff World into Spain and Portugal, control of the oceans was considered vitally of import to national power. Because ships could be used for merchandiser or military intents, the authoritiess of the epoch developed strong merchandiser Mariness. In France Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the curate of finance under Louis Fourteen from 1661 to 1683, increased port responsibilities on foreign vass come ining Gallic ports and provided premiums to Gallic ship wrights ( Steele, G. R. ) .In England the Navigation Laws of 1650 and 1651 prohibited foreign vass from prosecuting in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vas or a vas registered in the state of beginning of the goods. Finally, all trade between England and her settlements had to be carried in either English or colonial vass. The staple fiber Act of 1663 extended the Navigation Act by necessitating that all colonial exports to Europe be landed through an English port before being reexported to Europe. Navigation policies by France, England, and other powers were directed chiefly against the Dutch, who dominated commercial Marine activity in the sixteenth and 17th centuries ( Steele, G. R. ) .During the mercantilist epoch it was frequently suggested, if non really believed, that the chief benefit of foreign trade was the importing of gold and Ag. Harmonizing to this position the benefits to one st ate were matched by costs to the other states that exported gold and Ag, and there were no net additions from trade. For states about invariably on the brink of war, run outing one another of valuable Ag and gold was thought to be about every bit desirable as the direct benefits of trade ( Geoffrey Parker ) .Adam Smith refuted the thought that the wealth of a state is measured by the surface of the exchequer in his celebrated treatise, The Wealth of Countries, a book justly considered to be the foundation of modern economic theory. Smith made a take care of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist philosophy. First, he demonstrated that trade, when freely initiated, benefits both parties. In modern slang it is a positive-sum game. Second, he argued that specialisation in production allows for economic systems of graduated table, which improves efficiency and growing. Finally, Smith argued that the conniving re lationship between authorities and industry was harmful to the general population. While the mercantilist policies were designed to profit the authorities and the commercial category, the philosophies of laissez-faire, or free markets, which originated with Smith, taken economic public assistance in a far wider aesthesis of embracing the full population ( Lars Magnusson ) .While The Wealth of Nations is by and large considered to tag the terminal of the mercantilist epoch, the individualistic philosophies of free-market economic sciences besides reflect a general disillusion with the imperialist policies of state provinces. The Napoleonic warfares in Europe and the Revolutionary War in the coupled States heralded the terminal of the period of military brush in Europe and the mercantilist policies that supported it.Despite these policies and the wars that they are associated with, the mercantilist period was one of by and large rapid growing, peculiarly in England. This is partial ly because the authoritiess were non really effectual in actioning the policies that they espoused. While the authorities could forbid imports, for illustration, it lacked the resources to halt the smuggling that the prohibition would make. In add-on, the assortment of new merchandises that were created during the industrial revolution made it hard to implement the industrial policies that were associated with mercantilist philosophy. By 1860 England had removed the last traces of the mercantile epoch. Industrial ordinances, monopolies, and duties were abolished, and out-migration and machinery exports were freed. In big portion because of her free trade policies, England became the dominant economic power in Europe. England s success as a fabrication and fiscal power, coupled with the United States as an emerging agricultural human dynamo, led to the resumption of protectionist force per unit areas in Europe and the weaponries race between Germany, France, and England, which fin ally resulted in World War I ( Geoffrey Parker ) .Protectionism remained of import in the interwar period. World War I had destroyed the international pecuniary system based upon the gilded criterion. After the war use of the exchange rate was added to the authorities s list of trade arms. A state could at the same time take down the international monetary values of its exports and increase the local currency monetary value of its imports by devaluating its currency against the currencies of its trading spouses. This competitory devaluation was practiced by many states during the Great Depression of the mid-thirtiess and led to a crisp decrease in universe trade ( Steele, G. R. ) .A figure of factors led to the reemergence of mercantilist policies after World War II. The Great Depression created uncertainties about the efficaciousness and stableness of free-market economic systems, and an emerging organic structure of economic idea runing from Keynesian countercyclical policies to Marxist centrally planned systems created a new function for authoritiess in the control of economic ad hominem businesss. In add-on, the wartime partnership between authorities and industry in the United States created a relationship-the military-industrial composite, in Eisenhower s words-that besides encouraged activist authorities policies. In Europe the deficit of dollars after the war induced authoritiess to curtail imports and negotiate bilateral trading understandings to conserve on scarce foreign exchange resources. These policies in earnest restricted the volume of intra-Europe trade and impeded the recovery procedure in Europe in the immediate postwar period ( Geoffrey Parker ) .The economic strength of the United States, nevertheless, provided the stableness that permitted the universe to emerge out of the postwar pandemonium into a new epoch of prosperity and growing. The Marshall Plan provided American resources that overcame the most corking dollar deficits. The B retton Woods understanding established a new system of comparatively stable exchange rates that encouraged the free flow of goods and capital. Finally, the sign language of GATT ( General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ) in 1947 marked the official acknowledgment of the demand to set up an international order of multilateral free trade ( Lars Magnusson ) .The mercantilist epoch has passed. Modern economic experts accept Adam Smith s penetration that free trade leads to international specialisation of labour and, normally, to greater economic wellbeing for all states. besides some mercantilist policies continue to be. Indeed, the rush of protectionist sentiment that began with the oil crisis in the midseventies and expanded with the planetary recession of the early 1880ss has led some economic experts to label the modern pro-export, anti-import attitude as neomercantilism. ( Steele, G. R. )Although several unit of ammunitions of many-sided trade dialogues have succeeded in cut k ill duties on most industrial goods to less than 5 per centum, trade in agricultural goods remains to a great extent protected though duties or subsidies in Europe, Japan, and the United States. States have besides responded to GATT by raising different nontariff barriers to merchandise. The Long Term Arrangement on Cotton Textiles ( 1962 ) was the first major red from the cardinal GATT regulation of nondiscrimination. Discriminatory nontariff barriers are typically used by industrialised states to protect mature industries from competition from Japan and freshly industrialised states like Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. These nontariff barriers include voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing agreements, wellness and safety codifications, and licensing demands. And the U.S. Jones Act, which prohibits cargo of goods between U.S. ports on foreign ships, is the modern opposite number of England s Navigation Laws ( Lars Magnusson ) .Modern mercantilist patterns arise from the same be ginning as the mercantilist policies in the sixteenth to the 18th century. Group with political power usage that power to reach authorities intercession to protect their involvements, while claiming to seek benefits for the state as a whole. Of the false renters of mercantile system that remain today, the most baneful is the thought that imports cut down domestic employment. This statement is most frequently made by American car makers in their claim for protection against Nipponese imports. But the gross that the exporter receives must be finally spent on American exports, either instantly or later when American investings are liquidated. Another mercantilist position that persists today is that a current history shortage is bad. When a state runs a current history shortage, it is borrowing capital from the remainder of the universe in order to buy more goods and services than it sells. But this policy promotes economic wealth if the return on the capital borrowed exceeds the cost of borrowing. Many developing states with high internal returns on capital have run current history shortages for highly long periods, while basking rapid growing and solvency ( Geoffrey Parker ) .

Freud paper

Freud and psychoanalysis has changed the way the world thinks for many years. His ideas have been judge by the public as more of a second belief. Freudian psychiatry has also impacted the way we think around God and the Bible. In his analysis, Freud seemed to eliminate God, saying that He was created by us. He also said that we dont exact to answer to a higher power in our lives. If we go by this rule, we are basically setting our goals to societys standards we are going to be accepting what society thinks is right and rang, not what God thinks of as right and wrong.You are simply going by matter of horizon and not what is truly correct. Freudian psychiatry challenges biblical teaching by saying that we do not need God to answer to or to even have in our lives. Freud is essentially saying we dont need a God to survive in societys eyes everything can be explained either materially or scientifically. In a way, having no God in our lives is an excuse to not pay any mind to Gods te achings. If this is true, can we bear down rimes and not have to worry about the consequences?It seems that according to Freud, we will only have the trouble of answering to society we shouldnt even have to worry about the shame of telling God. But as Christians, we should filter other theories through the Bible to confirm its solidity in God and His teachings. So is Freudian psychoanalysis correct? I am not going to judge it and tell you if it is right or wrong I will merely state my opinion on it. Frauds theory is very similar of that of Darnings theory of SocialDarwinism survival of the fittest. In a sense, if we take God out of the picture, we will only be competing for extend spot in society. There will be no seat next to God in Heaven. There will be, according to Freud, no unfading life. The most of our worries would be answering to societys judgment upon us. Freudians theory clashes with the Bible in many aspects we should still sift outside information through the Bible t o restore the answer that is correct, not in our eyes, but Gods eyes.

Judicial Activism in the Arena of Environmental Law of Bangladesh

AN ASSIGNMENT ON JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN THE ARENA OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF BANGLADESH Content TopicPage no. 1. Prologue 1 2. discriminative Activism 3 3. Judicial Restraint 8 4. Difference between Judicial Activism & Judicial Restraint 9 5. General Development and Environment Context of Bangladesh12 6. study Environmental Issues Facing Bangladesh 14 7. Environmental Law in the Legal Regime of Bangladesh 15 8. Development of Judicial Activism in the Environmental Regime & the ECA 16 9. Administration of Environmental Justice The coquet Cases23 10. Environmental Nuisance should be Mitigated 24 1. Right to Environment 24 12. Access to Justice enterp moveness up the Horizon of Public Interest litigation (PIL) 25 13. Right to Participation 25 14. Suo motu blueprint against Grabbing Land of Public Garden 26 15. protect River from Encroachment 26 16. decelerateing Industrial Pollution 27 17. Vehicular Pollution to be Reduced 28 18. Judicial Decisions in the Issue of Environment of Bangl adesh 29 19. Epilogue 91 PrologueThe issue of environment contamination has become a burning nonp areil with the increase of global warming done with(predicate)out the whole solid fuze especi all in ally in Bangladesh. The autocratic philanders of contrary countries atomic deed 18 coming forward to meet this issue at the frequent insistence of the conservationist organizations which are genuinely watchful upon environmental disaster. Though natural calamities cannot be resisted, man-made disasters can be checked to exhaustively activism i. e. judicial enforcement. With the growing rate of environmental pollution in Bangladesh, judicial activism in the arena of environmental fair play has been getting stronger here.Before the introduction of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL), there didnt pretend any(prenominal) direct get to to the court for enforcing environmental issues, just later on the introduction of the PIL, environmental issues can directly be sett led by the courts. The join Nations gathering on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 recognized the entitlement of world beings to a wellnessy and productive vitality in harmony with nature1. The doorsill of the Rio Declaration was the recognition of in effect(p) to evelopment2 and more importantly sustainable victimisation. With the adoption of Rio, the global community committed to integrate environmental issues into mainstream economic and social policy3 and number and eliminate unsustainable patters of production and consumption4. Commitments recorded in the Rio declaration call for judicial and judicial activism. When commitment for sustainable development suffers judicial review can be sought on the basis of the Rio dominions of common but differentiated responsibilities5, polluters pay6, precautionary approach7 and EIA8.While the Rio declaration in Principle 11 requires the states to enact wakeless environmental legis lation and touchstones, access to judicial and administrative review process becomes relevant9 to uphold good deals rights that such laws would endure. Right to interlocking and access to environmental decision making process10 need express legal recognition that the judiciary can safeguard in appropriate instance. The post-Rio developments in the legal and judicial battle basis of Bangladesh ache showed respect to the Rio commitments and as well the framework of Agenda-21 that requires breastplate of ticklish eco-system and resources.This paper would higher(prenominal)light on the legal and judicial activism in Bangladesh that have contributed in promoting sustainable development and environmental instruction as pledged by the global community in various transnational conventions, treaties and protocols. Judicial Activism Judicial activism is a policy-making term physical exertiond to describe judicial rulings that are suspected to be based upon mortalal and political considerations another(prenominal) than existing law. Judicial restraint is some ms used as an antonym of judicial activism.The term may have more specific meaning in certain political contexts. Concerns of judicial activism are closely tied to native interpretation, statutory construction, and separation of bureaus. Definition Judicial activism refers to a philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby resolve allow their personal views closely habitual policy among other factors, to guide their decisions, usually with the educeion that adherents of this philosophy tend to find extreme misdemeanours and are willing to ignore precedent. 11 If to resolve the dispute, the judicial system moldiness create a bracing rule or modify an old one that is law creation. Judges defending themselves acquisitions of judicial activism sometimes say they move intot make law, they scarcely apply it. It is true that in our system, judges are not supposed to and generally dont make new law with the same freedom that legislatures can and do they are, in Oliver Wendell Holmess phrase, confined from molar to molecular motions. The qualification is important, but the fact remains that judges make, and do not just find and apply law. 12 Judicial activism is frequently used in political debate without a clear definition, which has created some confusedness over its precise meaning. Bradley Canon posited sixsome dimensions along which judge courts may be perceived as activist are13 Majoritarianism This dimension takes into account the microscope stage to which policies follow through the democratic process are judicially overturned. Interpretive stability This dimension takes into account the degree to which court decisions alter sooner decisions, doctrines, or constitutional interpretations. Interpretive fidelity This dimension takes into account the degree to which constitutional provisions are interpreted contrary to the clear intentions of their drafters, or the clear implications of the wording used in the provision. Substance/democratic process This dimension takes into account the degree to which judicial decisions make substantive policy, as opposed to acting to stay fresh the democratic political process. Specificity of policy This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision establishes policy itself, as opposed to leaving discretion to other agencies. Availability of an alternate policymaker This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision supersedes or inhibits serious consideration of the same problem by other politics agencies. Origins Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism to the unexclusive in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme mash 1947. 14 According to Keenan Kmiec, in a 2004 article in California Law Review Schlesingers article profiled all nine Supreme Court justices on the Court at that time and explained the alliances and divisions among them. The article characterized Justices Black, Douglas, Murphy, and Rutledge as the Judicial Activists and Justices Frankfurter, Jackson, and Burton as the Champions of Self Restraint. Justice Reed and Chief Justice Vinson comprised a middle group. 15 Debate Detractors of judicial activism charge that it usurps the power of the choose branches of regimen or appointed agencies, damaging the rule of law and democracy. 16 They argue that an un select or elective judicial branch has no legitimate evidence to overrule policy choices of duly elected or appointed representatives, in the absence of a real conflict with the constitution. citation needed In some instances, government canon by appointed officers in government agencies are overturned by elected judges. Defenders of judicial prerogatives say that many cases of so called judicial activism merely interpret judicial review, and that courts must uphold existing laws and strike stack any statute that viol ates a superseding law.For example, ruling a statute is unconstitutional be sheath it conflicts with the reputation of a jurisdiction. However, detractors of judicial activism retort that neither democracy nor the rule of law can exist when the law is merely what judges presently say it should be. Defenders counterclaim that thusly this is precisely what the role of the judiciary is, namely to interpret the law. Detractors argue that the discretion of judges must be limited e. g. by the intentions of lawmakers and appointed or elected government officers, or else any group of populate ngaged in any behavior could become a judicially protected minority, and any law could be subverted by the predilections of elected or appointed judges. Some proponents of a stronger judiciary argue that the judiciary helps provide checks and balances and should grant itself an expanded role to counterbalance the effects of transient studyitarianism, i. e. there should be an increase in the powers of a branch of government which is not directly subject to the electorate, so that the majority cannot dominate or oppress any particular minority through its elective powers. 17 Moreover, they argue that the judiciary strikes flock both elected and unelected official deed, that in some instances acts of legislative bodies reflect the view the transient majority may have had at the moment of passage and not necessarily the view the same legislative physical structure may have at the time the legislation is struck d consume, that the judges that are appointed are usually appointed by formerly elected executive officials so that their philosophy should reflect that of those who nominated them, that an independent judiciary is a great asset to well-bred society since corporations and the wealthy are unable to dictate their version of constitutional interpretation with threat of stopping political donations. Examples The following have been cited as examples of judicial activism Mercein v. People 1840 Connecticut transfers absolute sovereignty over children from parents to the State Dred Scott v.Sandford 1857 Supreme court ruling that ruled that state of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendantswhether or not they were slaveswere not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court ruling declaring racial segregation as constitutional Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Supreme Court ruling ordering the desegregation of in the public eye(predicate) schools Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 Supreme Court ruling striking down a Connecticut criminalize on contraception for unmarried individuals Loving v. Virginia 1967 Supreme Court ruling striking down Virginias ban on interracial marriage Roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme Court ruling stablishing a constitutional right to abortion Bowers v. Hardwick 1986 Supreme Court ruling upholding the con stitutionality of Georgias sodomy law. scrub v. Gore 2000 Supreme Court ruling that resolved the 2000 presidential election in favor of George W. Bush. Lawrence v. Texas 2003 Supreme Court ruling striking down Texass criminalisation of sodomy In re Marriage Cases 2008 California Supreme Court ruling establishing a constitutional right to gay marriage Citizens United v. federal official option Commission 2010 Supreme Court decision overturning Congressionally enacted limitations on corporate political spending18Judicial Restraint Judicial restraint is a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional. 19 It is sometimes regarded as the opposite of judicial activism. In deciding questions of constitutional law, judicially-restrained jurists go to great lengths to defer to the legislature. Judicial restraint requires the ju dge to uphold a law whenever doable. Former Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, a Democrat appointed by Franklin Roosevelt, is generally seen as the model of judicial restraint. 20Judicially-restrained judges respect stare decisis, the principle of upholding ceremonious precedent handed down by past judges. When the late Chief Justice Rehnquist overturned some of the precedents of the Warren Court, Time Magazine said he was not following the theory of judicial restraint. Difference between Judicial Activism & Judicial Restraint Judicial activism and judicial restraint are 2 opposing philosophies when it comes to the Supreme Court justices interpretations of the United States Constitution justices appointed by the death chair to the Supreme Court serve for life, and thus whose decisions shape the lives of We the people for a long time to come.Judicial activism is the view that the Supreme Court and other judges can and should creatively (re)interprets the texts of the Constituti on and the laws in order to serve the judges own visions regarding the needs of contemporary society. Judicial activism believes that judges fatigue a role as independent policy makers or independent trustees on behalf of society that goes beyond their traditional role as interpreters of the Constitution and laws. The sentiment of judicial activism is the polar opposite of judicial restraint. Judicial restraint refers to the doctrine that judges own philosophies or policy preferences should not be injected into the law and should whenever reasonably possible construe the law so as to avoid second guessing the policy decisions made by other governmental institutions such as Congress, the electric chair and state legislatures.This view is based on the concept that judges have no popular mandate to act as policy makers and should defer to the decisions of the elected political branches of the Federal government and of the states in matters of policy making so long as these policymak ers stay inside the limits of their powers as defined by the US Constitution and the constitutions of the several states. Marbury v. Madison, one of the first US Supreme Court cases asserting the power of judicial review, is an effective argument for this power however, it lacks direct textual basis for the decision. John Marshall managed to get away with this deficiency because of the silence on many issues and the vague wording of the Constitution.Marshall was the likewise the first to interpret the Constitution loosely, also known as judicial activism. During his term as Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall was also successful in loose constructionism through other urine parting Supreme Court cases such as Gibbons v. Ogden (Emancipation Proclamation of commerce), and McCulloch v. Maryland (whose decision declared that the states cannot tax a federal bank). These landmark decisions were the basis and the precedent for future day Supreme Court cases, and had also provided a m eans through which the Supreme Court can question the law and dismantle possibly change different facets of life affecting the present and future of We the people. Liberals and Democrats tend to favor judicial activism as it opens new doors to interpretation and experimentation. However, those that favor judicial restraint on the other hand, and thus favor the status quo and the strict construction of the Constitution are conservatives and Republicans. Two landmark Supreme Court decisions that rigorously interpreted the Constitution for its literal meaning were Dred Scott v. Sanford and Plessy v. Ferguson. In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans did not have the right to sue for their freedom, since they were seen strictly by the law as primty and not even citizens of the United States. As well, in Plessy v.Ferguson the Court ruled that segregation of public schools was not unconstitutional, even though African Americans were remedy seen as equal ci tizens due to the 14th Amendment to the Constitution (separate but equal). However, this particular case was then overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas in 1954. The Brown decision, un equal that of Plessy v. Fergusion and Dred Scott v. Sanford expressed judicial activism and ruled racial segregation unconstitutional. Many will protest that the people do not elect the Supreme Court Justices and therefore the Supreme Court should not have the power of judicial activism and change the law of the land.However, as one critic points out, noinstitution in a democratic society could become and remain potent unless it could count on a solid ward off of public opinion that would rally to its side in a pinch. However, anticipating the nominees to the Supreme Court just about likely to be forwarded to the US Senate for confirmation by President George Walker Bush, since Bush is a conservative, he is most likely to favor the philosophy of judicial restraint. Clearly, the Supreme Court is ultimately amenable to the will of the people, and the future ramifications of said choices may indeed lean toward judicial restraint more often than judicial activism, thus favoring the status quo and earlier precedents set by previous Supreme Court decisions.By maintaining independence from politics, the Justices avoid the major problems of political parties and party platforms. Furthermore, the Supreme Courts small size allows the Constitution to speak with a unified fathom throughout the country. General Development and Environment Context of Bangladesh Bangladesh with a total area of 147570 sq. km is home to some 140 million people of which 49 percent are women. The countrys network of 230 rivers runs across 24140 km21. Forests comprise 14 percent of the total land area. Eighty percent of the population is rural. single half of the population lives in poverty and one third in extreme poverty.A get on 20 percent of the population are tomorrows poor those who will join the ranks of the poor given the current trends of development and ecological degradation. The agrarian economy of Bangladesh accounts for one-third of the GDP and employs two-thirds of the labour force22. The fisheries sector employs about 1. 2 million people23 while the employment in the forests sector is about 2 percent of the total labour force24. Fish s till remains the major source of proteins for 60 percent Bangladeshis. Life and livelihoods in Bangladesh, especially for the poor, depends deeply on nature. Any undue interference with water, land, forest, fishery and other environmental resources would needfully shock the lives of the people of whom 47. percent are income poor and 76. 9 percent capability poor25. The relationship of the people of Bangladesh with nature cannot be overemphasized and can be stated from the words of the Secretary General of the UN Mr. Kofi Anan. The great majority of Bangladeshis live in rural areas, on the frontlines of resources manag ement, natural disaster and environmental awareness. For them the relationship between human beings and the natural world is a daily reality, not an abstract idea. Our biggest challenge in this new century is to take an idea that seems abstract sustainable development and turn it into a daily reality for the entire worlds people. 26Over time, the gradual degradation of resources particularly land, contamination of water, loss of fisheries, traditional species and depletion of forests became visible in Bangladesh with adverse impact on life and livelihood. In the last decade or so, environmentalists in Bangladesh, the state organs and the citizens groups have rightly identified the depletion of environmental resources as a major cause of poverty in the country. There are certain environmental concerns and factors that are the result of activities originating beyond the frontiers of Bangladesh. These accommodate legal questions relating to the use of natural resources like the waters of shared rivers, environmental hazards like the frequent floods, droughts and salinity, global warming, climate change and so on.The efficacy of the environmental legal system in certain areas is dependent on attitudes of neighboring countries and so cannot be redressed unilaterally. The Constitution of Bangladesh affirms commitments to international laws and principles, and Bangladesh is a signatory to most major international conventions, treaties, and protocols on environment. Major Environmental Issues Facing Bangladesh27 A. Regional/Global Ecological changes due to share water disputes Maritime boundary dispute and a weaker government on marine resources Greenhouse effect and its consequence on Bangladesh, global warming and climate change Refugees and migration Ecological effect caused by trans-boundary acts International job and environmental regimes such as Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), World Trade judicature (WTO), Climate Change Protocols, Convention on biological Diversity and so on. B. National Population and poverty Degradation of resources (inadequate policies) Conflict of development with environment analphabetism vs. ignorance Pollution of water, air and soil Destruction of mangrove, tree cover and firewood Loss of fisheries Unplanned human settlement Unplanned urbanization and industrialization Loss of wildlife born(p) hazards (also to include river erosion) Contamination of ground water Environmental Law in the Legal Regime of Bangladesh Sources of Environmental LawsThe main sources of environmental law are the Constitution, statutory laws and by-laws, customs, traditional perceptions and practices, international conventions, treaties and protocols. An investigation into the statutory laws prevailing in Bangladesh would reveal that there are about 187 laws that deal with or have relevance to environment. The compartmental administration of the statutory enactment would place the laws on environment under several heads. These would include, land use and administration, water resources, fisheries, forestry, energy and mineral resources, pollution and conservation, wildlife and national animals, displacement, vulnerable groups, relief and rehabilitation, local government, rural and urban planning and protection.The laws on physical environment do address issues like occupational rights and arctic, public safety and dangerous substances, transportation and safety, cultural and natural heritage and so on. The environmental legislation are sectorally compartmentalized especially the substantive and administrative rules. The procedural rules for the Courts to serve up these laws would be derived mostly from the same general codes, e. g. , the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, the Criminal Procedure Code, 1989 and the Evidence Act, 1872. Development of Judicial Activism in the Environmental Regime & the ECA The law that deals specifically w ith environment is the Environment Conservation Act (ECA), 199528.The Act has come into force since the June 1995 and to some extent has recognized the Rio principles of precaution, polluters pay and peoples participation. The ECA has replaced the earlier Environment Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977 and has added new dimension to environment management by making a shift from pollution control to environment conservation. The late amendment of the Act in 2002 has given the provisions of the law overriding effect over all other laws29. According to section 2(d) of the ECA environment shall include water, air, land and physical properties. The inter relationship among and between these components of environment and human and other living beings, plants and micro-organisms are also included in the broader definition of environment.The ECA has established the section of Environment (DoE) and has allow its Director General (DG) to take all such steps as are necessary for the conservat ion of environment, improvement of environmental standard and control and mitigation of pollution30. In line with portion 11 of the Agenda 21 that calls for conservation and management of resources for development, the ECA in division 5 has authorized the government to declare areas of great ecological importance as Ecologically Critical landing field. Such legal authority would allow the government to declare fragile eco systems as critical or protected areas and bring them under special management system. Section 5 of the ECA reads as follows Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area (1) If the regime is satisfied that due to degradation of environment the eco-system of any area has reached or is threatened to reach a critical state, the Government may, by apprisal in the official Gazette, declare such area as ecologically critical area. The Government shall specify, in the observation provided in subsection (1) or in any other separate notification, which of the operations or processes shall be carried out or shall not be initiated in the ecologically critical area. Under Section 5, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has already declared 8 areas including one mother fishery (wetland), fragile coral island, part of worlds largest mangrove forest as ecologically critical areas31 and has brought them under special protective measures.Such initiative of the Government of Bangladesh strongly supports its commitment expressed under the various CTPs including the Convention in Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Wetlands of International importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971. Most recently, the cabinet on 22 July 2002 has approved the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation, 1990 paving the way to protect its territorial water from oil pollution. Section 2(1) of the Act defines wastes and authorizes the Government to determine the standard for discharge and emission of waste includi ng radioactive wastes Section 20(2)(e). Hazardous substance has also been defined Section 2(i) and the Government has been authorized to lay down rules for environmentally pass management of hazardous substances and toxic wastes.Although the Government is yet to exercise its rule making powers, these legal developments correspond to the accepted framework of Agenda 21 calling for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and substances. At the national frontier, the Government in exercise of its powers under the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 197132 has banned the import of ten pesticides for their hazardous impact on vegetation human and animal life33. Worth mentioning, Bangladesh has ratified the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989. The country has also signed the recently adopted Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant, 2001 on 23 May 2001. Section 12 of the ECA incorporates the prec autionary principle by requiring ndustrial unit or enters to be established after obtaining environmental clearance from the DoE. Any violating unit may be shut down by the DG, DoE. The amend ECA34 empowers the government to ban products that are harmful to environment and the government, with active participation from the people, has been very successful in banning the production, use and sale of polythene products below 20 macron. The most significant advancements after the enactment of the ECA have been the circumstance up of quality standard for air, water, noise and soil and the formulation of environmental guidelines to control and mitigate pollution. The setting up of such standards has been done through the Environment Conservation Rules framed in 1997.The Rules have detailed out the development where environmental impact sound judgement (EIA) would be necessary. This has made EIA mandatory for specified projects and industries although procedural details of EIA are yet t o follow. The Government may think of making the EIA process participatory ensuring access in decision-making process. The ECA has made it an offence to discharge excessive pollutants and causing distress, direct or indirect, to eco-systems. Sections 7 and 9 of the ECA have in effect incorporated the principle of polluters pay. Under Section 7 the DG shall require any person including companies responsible for pollution to adopt corrective measures and also to pay good the losses caused by such pollution.In the event of failure by the polluter to prevent emission of excessive discharge the DG shall initiate the needed bettering measures and the expenses incurred shall be recovered from the polluter as public demand35. The ECA tends to ensure access to administrative proceedings and also to participation in the decision making process. Section 8 of the ECA allows a person affected or likely to be affected from the pollution or degradation of environment to apply to the DG for remed ying the damage or apprehended damage. The DG may adopt any measures including public hearing for setting such grievance. Under the original Act, cognizance of offence by the courts required a written report from the DG. The requirement of report from DG, DoE would have adverse affect on right to justice. Fortunately, the original Act has been amended in a positive fashion.The requirement of written report although still valid, may be relaxed at the discretion of the judiciary if there appears to be a prima facie case and also failure on part of DoE to take proper initiative. Amended Section 4A of the ECA has required all statutory agencies to give up avail and services to the DG on his request. Violation of the provisions of the Act has been made an offence and may be visited with a penalty of Taka 10 lakh and/or 10 historic period of imprisonment36. The Act has recently been amended to provide for different punishment for violation of different provisions. For proper implement ation of the ECA, it has been proposed to set up environmental courts in the six administrative divisions of the country37.The proposed courts would administer the environmental offences under the ECA and also other laws as may be notified by the Government in official Gazette. This revolutionary step aims at ensuring speedy trial and government of environmental cases. The Act provides in details the investigation and trial procedure for the Courts comprising of members of the subjugate judiciary. Section 9 of the Act empowers the Environmental Courts to use the fine realized as compensation for the people affected by the environmental offence. The judges for two environmental courts have already been appointed and it is expected that the judicial system will start functioning soon. An amendment to the Forest Act, 1927 in 200038 has provided scope for public participation in environmental resource management.The newly added section 28A has given express legal recognition to the co ncept of social forestry and has empower the government to make rules requiring an concur upon management plan for social forestry programmes. The rules are in the process of finalization. Another significant piece of law enacted in 2000 is the Open Space Protection Act, 200039. With proper implementation of the law, the respective regime can protect the natural water bodies including the flood plains of the urban areas from filing up for the sake of urbanization and development. In addition, legal regime on environment contains provisions recognizing customary rights over forest40, access to open water fisheries41 and participation in the development process while finalizing water related schemes42 and master plan for urban areas43.Legal regime provides punishment against pollution of territorial waters44 and prohibits pollution of air, water and soil from agricultural, fishery, industry, vehicle and other sources45. Environmental resources like forest and fishery have been given special status for protection purposes. Administration of Environmental Justice The Court Cases On the fact of activism by the well-bred society, the judiciary in Bangladesh has started responding to cases testing environmental justice. Judicial activism contributes to proper implementation of environmental laws and allows the vast majority of the backward section access to the justice system.As a result of progressive interpretation by the judiciary of some constitutional and legal provisions, public interest litigation (PIL) and right to environment have original express legal recognition. The cases decided by the judiciary have tended to activate the executive, create wider awareness and affected the value system of the administration and the society. In the cases on environment decided so far by the judiciary, directions have been given to the government agencies to perform their statutory functions. All these decided cases have addressed issues on sustainable development, p recautionary principle, participation and access and are rather landmark decisions. With increased number of PILs in Bangladesh, it can now be said that the environmentalists and the civil society places confidence in the judiciary n redressing the grievance of the downtrodden and the deprived. In deciding some of the cases the judiciary has endorsed the innovations that justice require in one recent incident, the High Court even intervened and issued suo moto rule to protect a public garden from encroachment. Environmental Nuisance should be Mitigated Judicial recognition for protection of environment was first recorded by the High Court46 in a case that challenged nuisance during election campaign. The judiciary disposed of the case on confidence from the Attorney General to take measures against defacing of public and private property in the name of election campaign. Right to EnvironmentThe judiciary, while deciding on a case involving importation of radiated milk47 attached br oader meaning to the constitutional right to life and held Right to life is not only limited to the protection of life and limbs but extends to the protection of health and strength of the workers, their means of livelihood, enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, bare necessaries of life, facilities for education, development of children, maternity benefit, free movement, maintenance and improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions congenial to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity. Access to Justice Opening up the Horizon of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) In an appeal from the sentiment of the High Court Division dismissing a writ by a local environmentalist group on ground of locus standi, the appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in its historic judgment dated 25 July 1996 give standing to the ground48.In allowing the appeal, the judiciary interpreted the constitutional requirement of aggrieved in wa ys beyond the strict traditional concept. The appeal being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the constitutional knot and sieve that have been prevailing on the threshold question as to who is an aggrieved person for last twenty four years history of our Constitution. The decision opened up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh and since then the judiciary has entertained a good number of cases on environmental grievances. Right to Participation On application from a local environmental group, the High Court Division (HCD) of the Supreme Court also intervened to judge on the legality of a development project called the torrent Action-Plan-2049.The petitioner accused the authorities of violating a number of laws that ensure peoples participation in the decision making process, provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and defend the national heritage. The Court delivered judgment on 28 August 1997 and observed, in implementing the project the responden ts (government) cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law. The Court direct the authorities to execute the work in compliance with the requirements of law that guarantee right to participation and compensations. Suo motu Rule against Grabbing Land of Public Garden The Court has been active in protecting the environment in specific class action, and it has also given rules, suo motu, questioning blatant violations of the states obligations to protect and refer the environment.In one such case, the High Court Division (HCD) issued a suo moto rule when, in violation of an earlier order of the Court to maintain status quo, gunned hoodlums attempt to encroach upon 2. 8 acres land of the only public garden of old Dhaka for construction of hotel therein. Protecting River from Encroachment On application from an environmentalist group50 pursuance judicial intervention to protect the only river flowing through Dhaka from unratified encroachment, the HCD directed the touch statu tory authorities to take on originally the Court an action plan setting out definite time frame and measures to be undertaken for removing the encroachers. Following the petition, the government acted to remove the encroachers and the river now stands free from illegal occupation.Taking from the learning of this case, the government has constituted an inter-ministerial committee to remove illegal occupation from the other rivers of the country. Checking Industrial Pollution In a recent decision, the HCD gave directions to check undiscriminating pollution of air, water, soil and the environment by 903 industries belonging51. These industries were identified polluters by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (LGRDC). The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, Sugar Mills, Distilleries, Iron and Steel, Fertilizer, insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Rubber and Plastic, Tyre and Tube and Jute.An official notification of the government directed the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Industries to ensure within three years that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by the identified polluting industries. The Notification also required the said authorities to ensure that no new industry could be set up within pollution fighting devices. When no measure was taken even after the superintendence of eight years, the higher up petition was filed. later on a lengthy hearing, the Court directed implementation of the directions given in the notification. To ensure implementation of the Court order, it was required from the respondents to report to the Court after six months by furnishing concerned affidavit showing compliance. The Court held it mperative on the part of the DG, DoE to take penal action against such department or persons responsible for not implementing the ECA, 1995. Vehicular Pollution to be Reduced The HCD, in a recent decision, gave a comprehensive judgment52 to fight vehicular pollution at different from. The six directives of the Court required the authorities to Phase out all two-stroke vehicles from city streets of the Capital by December 2002 Convert all petrol and diesel-fuelled government vehicles into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered within six months Enforce the prohibition on use of pneumatic horns within 30 days Check fitness of vehicles using computerized system with prompt effect Follow international standard of fuel by reducing or eliminating toxic elements Set up adequate number of CNG filling stations within six months and ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 is fitted with catalytic converter. This petition also has been kept pending for further monitoring. The other pending cases on environment involves preservation up of lakes, flood flow zones and rivers, encroachment over rivers, violation of construction law, p ollution from brick fields, environmental hazards of pewee cultivation, destruction of hills, gas explosion without environmental impact assessment (EIA), compensation for environmental damages and so on.Judicial Decisions in the Issue of Environment of Bangladesh The concept of public interest litigation as has emerged into the judicial administration of Bangladesh is yet to mature with the concept of justice guaranteed by the Constitution. This is a crucial concept in a country like ours where 65% of the total populace have no or less access to judiciary although the constitution commits for equality before law, justice, right to life and equal enjoyment of native rights by all citizens. With obvious socio-economic constraints and a long history of feudal past, the realization of legally recognized rights is still subject for movement by various social and pressure groups.In recent time the movement for enjoyment of rights took a new dimension as the likely of judiciary is bein g increasingly emphasized by the activists and the courts are dealing with cases seeking relief against administrative anarchy and ignorance. It was interesting to note that the concept of PIL is ontogeny in Bangladesh as a performance of public duty by some citizens groups holding or advocating in support of progressive ideologies. Thus in 1994 a petition was first taken before the High Court by a national non-governmental organization called Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) on behalf of the people of a locality where a disputed development action was being implemented. The petition was at first rejected by the court on the ground of standing of the organization.An appeal was preferred from that rejection where the core question was whether groups like BELA with dedicated and sincere record of activism can claim to have acquired sufficient interest to seek judicial redress against anarchy in its own field of action. The question was vital as it was a constitutio nal requirement under Article 102 that it is only a person aggrieved who can file petitions for enforcement of fundamental rights. Being responded by the Supreme Court in the positive this became the turning point in the history of PIL in Bangladesh. BELA that led the movement for opening up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh has filed the cases noted below 1. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Election Commission & others judicial writ Petition No. 186/1994 (Nuisance during Election Campaign)The first ever-environmental litigation was filed in 1994 in the form of a judicial writ Petition in the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh by a group of environmental lawyers called the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA). It was filed against the four authorities of the Government responsible for the enforcement of various civic rights, and accordingly, the respondent was the State. The election of the four municipal Corporations of the country, held at the beginning of this year, evidenced gross violation of some legal obligations and, consequently, interfered with the various rights of the people. The un square activities created by the election campaign resulted in encroaching on public properties, restricting and depriving the rights to life, property, enjoyment of public resources, etc. of the city dwellers.The footpaths and other public places were saturated with election camps incessant use of loudspeakers and other noisy instruments rendered life miserable the walls of the four major cities of the country where the elections were being held were all covered with election slogans unscheduled and unregulated processions created serious traffic jams, and so on. Repeated appeals by the Election Commission for showing respect to the laws of the country were virtually ignored. All this anarchy prompted the institution of a petition where the Honble Court issued rule nisi upon the respondents intercommunicate them to show cause as to why they should not be directed to comply with the directive issued by the Election Commissioner touching upon the various acts and laws and rules.The Court also considered the prayer of the petitioner to restrain the Election Commissioner from holding the election till full compliance with the respondents. The rule, however, was disposed of, following assurance from the Attorney General that the Government would take all necessary steps to implement all the directives of the Election Commission. 2. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 891/1994 (Industrial Pollution Case) In 1994 BELA filed this Writ Petition seeking relief against indiscriminating pollution of air, water, soil and the environment by 903 industries of 14 sectors identified as polluters by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRDC) vide Gazette notification dated 7 August 1986.The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, Sugar Mills, Distilleries, Iron and Ste el, Fertilizer, Insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Rubber and Plastic, Tyre and Tube and Jute. The Notification of seventh August 1986 directed the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Industries to ensure within three years that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by those industries. The Notification also required the said authorities to ensure that no new industry could be set up without pollution fighting devices. But unfortunately, even after the lapse of eight years when no measure was taken the above Petition was filed. afterwards seven years since the date of filling of the petition on the 15 July of 2001, the court has directed the Directed General, Department of Environment to implement the decision taken with regard to mitigation of pollution by 903 industries identified as polluters within the time frame of six months from the date o f the judgment. The Petitioner pleaded that the ecological system of the country more particularly the air and water including the major rivers (Buriganga, Surma, Karnaphuli and so on) are being severely affected by the identified 903 industries and that no affirmative action has been taken in furtherance of the decisions of the Gazette dated 7th August, 1986.Rather the number of polluting industries has multiplied as the recent list prepared by the DoE shows that the number of polluting industries have risen up to 1176. The Court earlier issued Rule inconclusive to the Respondents including the LGRDC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Industries and Department of Environment to show cause as to why they should be directed to implement the decisions of the Government dated 5 June, 1986 which was published in the official Gazette. After hearing the Petitioner, the Rule has been made absolute today and the DG, DoE has been directed to Report to this Court after six mont hs by furnishing concerned affidavit showing that compliance of this Order of this Court. To ensure implementation of the Court irections, the Honble High Court further held that It will be imperative on the part of the Director General to take penal action against such department for persons who are responsible for not implementing the letter of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. 3. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 300/1995 (Vehicular Pollution Case) This writ petition was filed by BELA seeking appropriate direction upon the Respondents to perform their statutory public duties and functions for controlling environmental pollution created by motor vehicles and to take effective measures to ensure the most appropriate mitigative measures, devices and methods to prevent further aggravation and danger to life and public health.The petition was filed against 13 Respondents, namely, (1) The Secretary, Ministry of Communications (2) The Chairman, Bangl adesh Road Transport Authority (3) The Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs (4) The Commissioner, Dhaka Metropolitan Police (5) The Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest (6) The Director General, Department of Environment (7) The Dhaka City Corporation (8) The Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, (9) The Secretary, Ministry of employment, (10) The Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, (11) Chairman, Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation, (12) The Secretary, Ministry of Industries, and (13) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution. In his submission the petitioner stated that the air pollution from faulty motor vehicles has been universally identified as a major threat to human body and life.Such pollution in Dhaka City is subtle and incompatible with the conditions required for the growth of human life and ecology. The lives of the City dwellers and its environment are endangered and the failures of the respondents in the performance of their st atutory and public duties are depriving people of their fundamental rights disturbing the public peace creating public annoyance. He submitted that the lead-laced gas emitted because of the use of leaded petroleum were severely affecting the lungs, liver, brain and the nervous system, resulting to high blood pressure, IQ and memory-retention damage among children and damage to foetuses leading to deformed babies.The high sulphur content in the petroleum, and hence in the smoke, causes severe damage to the ecology. The main thrust of Dr. Farooques submission was that although the right to a safe and healthy environment has not been directly specified in the Constitution as a fundamental right, such a right is inherent and integrated in the right to life as enshrined in Article 32 of the Constitution. Hence, the right to a sound environment was also a fundamental right under Article 32 being supported by Article 31 that ensures that no action detrimental to life, body, property could be taken. Therefore, the failures of the Respondents in their duties denied the people of their basic fundamental right.Upon hearing the Petition, the Court issued a rule nisi upon the Respondent to show cause as to why they should not be directed to take all adequate and effective measures to check pollution caused due to the emissions of hazardous smokes from the motor vehicles and the use of audible signaling devices giving unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise. The matter was pending for a long time and after a lapse of 7 years, on the 27th March of 2002 the High Court has directed the government to phase out all two stroke vehicles from City passage by December 2002. The court also directed that all petrol and diesel-fuelled government vehicles have to be converted into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered within six months and pneumatic horns being discarded within 30 days. It asked the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) to check fitness of vehicles, using comp uterized system with immediate effect.The court also asked the government to ensure international standard of fuel by reducing or eliminating toxic elements. The High Court further directed the government to set up adequate number of CNG filling stations within six months and to ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 be fitted with catalytic converter. The government was also asked to strictly comply with its decision to ban two stroke vehicles of over nine years old. BELA also prayed for ensuring that the exemption of motor cycles from the requirement of security measures of fitness under the Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983 be withdrawn immediately which was also directed by the Court.On behalf of the government BRTA, Dhaka Metropolitan Police, Environment Ministry, Department of Environment, Commerce Ministry and Ministry of energy and mineral resources submitted testimony (affidavit) in opposition before court. The matter is pending for further monitoring. 4. Sharif Nurul Ambia v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 937/ 1995 (Unlawful Construction) The Petition was filed with legal assistance from Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) by Mr. Sharif Nurul Ambia, Joint General Secretary of Jatiya Samajtantric Dal (JSD). The Petition was moved by the Secretary General of BELA, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque submitting that the DCC has undertaken the construction of the multi-storied building at the site earmarked for public car park in the RAJUK Master Plan unlawfully and without the latters approval and hence liable to be demolished.It was further submitted that the construction was act defying DoEs finding that the said building would create a disruption to the environment of the area and the neighborhood depriving them the right to life, body and healthy environment against hazardous pollution and obstruction to air and light as being endangered by the unauthorized construction by the Respondents. Upon hearing the petitioner, the Court stay ed the said construction till disposal of suit. The rule was ultimately disposed of against which an appeal is pending before the Appellate Division. 5. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh and others Civil Appeal No. 24/1995 (Case on Standing) This Appeal arose from the judgment of the High Court Division dismissing a writ stating that BELA had no right to sue on behalf of the people of Tangail where the Flood Action Plan-20 was being implemented. On Appeal, the Appellate Division granted standing to BELA on 25th July 1996.The main thrust of the appeal was to get a judicial verdict as to whether a person or group of persons could be aggrieved in ways beyond the strict traditional concept, which are now emerging in many legal systems, like suits by evidently public-spirited persons or bodies having proven dedication. The appeal being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the Constitutional knot and riddle that have been prevailing on the threshold question as to who is an agg rieved person for last twenty four years history of our constitution. 6. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others (Writ Petition No. 998/94) Sekandar Ali Mondol v. Bangladesh and others (Writ Petition No. 1576/1994) (Challenging Flood Action Plan-20) In 1994, a Petition was filed by BELA challenging the implementation of Flood Action Plan-20 in Tangail.The Petition, first rejected by Court on the ground of Standing of the Petitioner was subsequently sent for hearing on merit to the High Court after the Appellate Division granted standing (Bangladesh Legal Decisions, (BLD) 1997 Appellate Division (AD), pg. 1). In the petition, the authorities were accused of violating a number of laws that provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and protecting the national heritage. The Court delivered Judgment on 28 August 97 and observed that in implementing the project the respondents cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law. We are of the view that the FAP-2 0 project work should be executed in complying with the requirements of law. 7. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 948/1997 (Uttara Lake Fill-up)A division Bench of the High Court Division issued an injunction of the filling up of Uttara Lake for housing purposes. The injunction was issued on an application of Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, Secretary General, BELA upon the Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Public Works, Chairman, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakhya (RAJUK) and DG, DoE. The petition was filed on an appeal from the local residents of Uttara, who accused RAJUK of creating an environmental hazard in the area by filling up part of the lake in violation of the original Master Plan of Uttara. The injunction would remain effective till disposal of the case. Upon final hearing of the petition the Honble Court on presided over Mr. Justice Md. Imman Ali and Mr.Justice Shamin Hasnain on 17 February, 2004 discharged the rule without any order as to cost. After gating aforesaid judgement BELA filed Civil Miscellaneous Petition 84 of 2004 and Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal 564 of 2004 before the appellate division upon hearing the petitioner the Honble Appellate Division granted prayer Leave. Pending hearing of the rule, parties are directed to maintain status quo. 8. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1252/1997 (Unregulated Operation of Brick Field) The indiscriminate operation of 19 brickfields in Senbag of Noakhali District in violation of applicable legal provisions and circular was brought to the notice of the High Court through the above petition.The petition filed by BELA on behalf of a local group called Senbag Thana Pollution Free Environment Committee accused the local administration for being soggy towards the environmental havoc created by the brick furnaces. The management of the brickfields were not conducting their business with due regard to the legal provisions mandating in favour of sound environment and health state. Moreover, leasing agricultural land to brick fields in violation of existing land management laws and manual resulted in a tremendous pressure on the accessible stock of agriculture land, as after a given period the lands do not remain fit for agricultural purposes.Upon hearing the petitioner BELA, the Court issued a Rule Nisi calling upon Secretary, Ministry of Land, Deputy Commissioner, Noakhali and DG, DoE to show cause as to why the issuance and renewal of licenses permitting operations of 19 brick manufacturing kilns in the Senbag Thana under Noakhali District causing threat to the natural environment and health of the neighbouring residents of the area should not be declared to have been done without any lawful authority and be directed to implement the circular. The matter is now pending for hearing. 9. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6020/1997 (Hill Cutting Case)The indiscriminate, unlawful and unauthorized cutt ing and rising of hills within the Chittagong City Corporation and its adjoining areas was brought to judicial notice by BELA through the above petition. The Court on hearing the petitioner, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, directed the DG, DoE to submit a report on alleged illegal and indiscriminate cutting of hills, contributing to ecological imbalance and degradation of environment of the city. The Court further lucid that the report should contain the measures taken by the Government to prevent such illegal activities. Subsequent application has been filed under the petition. The matter is now pending for hearing. 10. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6105/1997 (Gas Explosion at Magurchara)The above petition was against the Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Chairman, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Development Corporation (PETROBANGLA), DG, DoE and Occidental of Bangladesh trammel for their negligence in preventing the fire that engulfed the Magurchhara Gas Field and the adjoining areas, while the Occidental of Bangladesh Ltd. , a reputed foreign oil company, was carrying on with their regular excavation. The statutory authorities permitted such risky operation without proper EIA, as required by the ECA. BELA, the petitioner, also blamed the respondents for failing to combat the after effects of the fire, as reports suggest that it took quite a long time before normal life was restored in the affected areas. A show cause notice was issued upon the respondents to clarify their own position. With the filing of subsequent petition the petition is pending for hearing. 11. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 7422/1997 (Gulshan Lake Fill-up)A division bench of the High Court Division issued a Rule in a petition filed in 1997 against implementation of an agreement called the Banani, Gulshan, Baridhara Lake Development Project Agreement signed between RAJUK and Indus Valley Investment Pvt. Ltd. to undertake a huge construction in the said areas, defying and violating the constitutional and legal requirements. The Court directed them to show cause as to why the agreement and the subsequent agreements to wage out a total area of 220 acres of public land should not be declared to have been entered/undertaken without lawful authority in violation of law and the constitution against public interest and as such be declared null and void and of no legal effect. The Government subsequently scrub the project. 12. Nijera Kori v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1162/1998 (Allotment of Land for Shrimp Cultivation)The petition was filed against tryst of Government owned Khas Land to Shrimp Cultivators in Sudharam, P. S. of Noakhali District in contravention of the provision of the Land Management Manual, 1991 and Articles 15, 19, 31 and 32 of the Constitution depriving thereby the landless people. The Court on two occasions restrained the respondents from disturbing the non aggressive possession of the landless families. The matter is now pending for hearing. 13. Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 2482/1999 (Gulshan Lake) The unlawful filling up of Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Lake for creating housing plots was challenged by another writ petition No. 482 of 1998 filed by BELA. Following the Petition a division bench of the High Court directed RAJUK to take measures for suspending all construction and/ or filling up of the water body and lakeside areas of Gulshan, Banani and Baridhara Model Towns in specific areas. The Court also issued a rule nisi upon the Ministry of Works and RAJUK to show cause as to why the allotment of on the lake water lake-side area in Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Town shall not be declared to have been undertaken in violation of the Town Improvement Act, 1953, against public interest and why they should not be directed to restore public property in a manner best suited to public interest.The Court further directed RAJUK to prepare and submit before it a detailed and complete statement regarding allotment of plots and filling up of the lake water and/or lakeside area in violation of the approved Master and Lay Out plan rendering thereby water bodies of the Lake into private properties along with list of names and address of persons in whose favor such allotment have been made and those encroachment upon the lake water and or lakeside. The matter is pending for hearing. 14. Biplob Kumar Roy v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 1840 of 1999 (Nabaganga River) A Rule Nisi was issued upon the Deputy Commissioner, Narail District for unlawfully leasing out part of the River Nabogonga having its flow through Rajpur to Jaipur Ghat. The rule came as a result of the Petition No. 840 of 1999 filed by BELA and one member of the l